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1.7.2. Issues Related to Solid Waste Management Municipal Solid Waste in Land lls The issue of plastics in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream became particularly visible in the 1980s. The United States produces about 232 million tons of MSW annually (amounting to about 4.5 lb per day on a per capita basis) containing 10.7% by weight (or 25 million tons) of plastics [47]. This rate is considerably higher than that of most western countries, Canada, or Japan. Since a fraction of the waste is recycled, only about 3.5 lb per person per day is discarded in the United States according to 1994 data. Most of the plastics discarded is postconsumer packaging materials such as bags and empty containers. About 57% of the MSW was land lled and 16% incinerated mostly in waste-to-energy plants during 1995. In the United States land lling is likely to remain the dominant solid waste disposal strategy in the near future. Once disposed in a modern land ll, very little deterioration of the waste is expected. Even the readily biodegradable materials such as paper and yard waste fractions persist for long periods of time in land lls due to the absence of enough moisture and oxygen needed to support a biotic environment within the ll [48]. This is particularly true of food or yard waste contained in plastic bags. Not surprisingly, the plastics fraction does not break down signi cantly under these conditions. This lack of deterioration is not undesirable, as no polluting

However, MSC successfully treats a number of similar effects such as path length problems, offset shifts, and interference The idea behind MSC is to remove the two effects ampli cation, which is multiplicative, and offset, which is additive from the spectral data table to prevent them from dominating the table s information content Derivation is typically relevant for spectral data that are a function of some underlying variable in uencing absorbance at various wavelengths Derivatives are also a simple but powerful technique for magnifying ne structure in raw spectra lacking structure, which is common in NIRS By increasing the order of derivation, band structure resolution is increased The inherent drawback is a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio, which in the particular case of NIR spectra is not considered, since smoothing while performing a derivation may limit the effect of noise.

Range extension. This uses the array gain to increase the coverage area and is especially useful in rural areas.

Description O=generic header; l=bandwidth request (BR) header Encryption control: whether the payload is encrypted. BR header shall set the field t o 0 This field indicates the subheaders and special payload types in the messaEe payload Reserved CRC indicator: whether CRC is included Encryption Key Sequence: the parameter to encrypt the payload The length in bytes of the MAC PDU including MAC header and CRC (if present) Connection ID Header Check Sequence: a sequence calcuated according t o a pre-defined formula Bandwidth Request: the number of bytes request for udink bv the

suggest that a higher frequency of eating is associated with a lower BMI, but these conclusions are invalidated by the under-reporting bias (especially for snacks) in the obese (Prentice et al., 1986; Heitmann and Lissner, 1995). With

The following statement shows the Transact-SQL language version of the previous command:

On the other hand, it will tend to hide some weaker spectral features The main advantage of the second derivative as usually performed is that band structure is maintained: Peak maxima still correspond while peak shape and resolution are improved The Savitzky Golay algorithm permits computation to higher order derivatives, includ-.

Decoupled Iterative Least Squares Finite Alphabet Space-Time digita1 down- conversion direct matrix inversion direction-of-arrival directions of departure directive gain directivity discrete Fourier transform Dolph-Chebyshev window doublets downlink downlink beamforming downlink weight optimisation criteria dynamic distortion 130 151 113 116 168 12 14 68 49 121 98 208 179 148

(2.3)

0 0 Time (ps)

you enter rad(d 16,m 16,0) into the red channel, you rotate the contents of the channel 16 increments (about 6 degrees) counterclockwise and distort its center outward. The upcoming step-by-step example uses this function. The function rnd generates a random number between two extremes, which is great for creating noise. The expression rnd(r,g) generates a random value between the red brightness value of the PBE and the green brightness of the PBE.

0 5 10 17

1.04 Improved access to data in the field leading to safer operations and more appropriate responses

To create a file object, use the function open(filename,mode). The mode argument is a string explaining what you intend to do with the file typical values are w to write and r to read. Once you have a file object, you can read( ) from it or write( ) to it, then close( ) it. This example creates a simple file on disk: